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UNITED STATES ROADMAP

ROADMAP POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

EFFECTIVE POLICIES

EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES

EMERGING STRATEGIES

NEWLY INTERACTIVE
THE POLICY IMPACT CALCULATOR
Methods and Sources
FAQ
Additional Roadmap Resources

STATE MINIMUM WAGE

A minimum wage establishes a floor for workers’ hourly wages to prevent exploitation by employers and ensure a minimum level of compensation. The current federal minimum wage was set in 2009 and stands at $7.25, but states can establish higher thresholds.1

Currently, 31 states (including the District of Columbia) have a minimum wage that is higher than the federal level. Of those, 30 states have a minimum wage of $10.00 or greater, and 12 have a minimum wage that is $15.00 or more.2

The federal subminimum wage refers to the floor set for tipped workers (i.e., workers who regularly receive more than $30.00 per month in tips), workers with disabilities, or teenage workers early in their employment, who may be exempt from the federal minimum set by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).3,4 The federal tipped minimum wage (or cash wage) is currently $2.13 per hour. The combination of the cash wage plus tips must equal the federal or state minimum wage, whichever is higher; however, it can be hard to enforce.

To pay workers with disabilities less than the federal minimum wage, the FLSA requires employers to hold a certificate (known as a 14(c) certificate) from the US Department of Labor that demonstrates the worker’s disability reduces their job ability.5 States can set their tipped minimum wage above the federal floor or can fully eliminate subminimum wages for both tipped workers and workers with disabilities. Subminimum wages contribute to poverty6 and unpredictable earnings.7 Because most tipped workers are female, and disproportionately women of color, subminimum wages exacerbate existing inequalities in earnings.29 

States Vary Significantly in Their Cost of Living and the Purchasing Power of Their Minimum Wage

The cost of living varies significantly across the country because of regional differences in consumer prices. Inflation has also caused the cost of living to increase substantially throughout the country over the last several years. Accounting for inflation, the federal minimum wage is worth less than at any time since February 1956.34

The variation in cost of living across the country means that a nominal wage (i.e., wage not adjusted for inflation) of $10.00 in two different states may buy a family more in one state than another. A nominal wage can be converted into a cost-of-living adjusted (COLA) wage, which accounts for state price differences.

A COLA wage offers a way to compare purchasing power more consistently across states. For example, California’s prices are 12.6% higher than the national average, whereas Mississippi’s prices are 12.7% lower than the national average.8 It can therefore be beneficial to compare California’s minimum wage in terms of real purchasing power, $14.66 (nominal minimum wage of $16.50 in 2025), to Mississippi’s minimum wage in terms of real purchasing power, $8.31 (nominal minimum wage of $7.25 in 2025). Examining both a state’s nominal minimum wage and COLA minimum wage is critical when making policy decisions.

Higher State Minimum Wages Can Improve Child and Family Outcomes Through Greater Access to Resources

Higher state minimum wages can result in higher incomes, which can help families more easily access essential resources such as housing, food, health care, and transportation.9 Greater access to basic needs can reduce parental stress, which may improve a child’s caregiving environment and reduce the likelihood that an infant or toddler will experience abuse, neglect, or other adverse experiences at home.10

The Current Federal Minimum Wage Does Not Lift a Full-Time Worker Supporting a Family Out of Poverty

With the current federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour and a 40-hour work week for 52 weeks per year, an individual working full time earns $15,080 annually, which is below the federal poverty level (FPL) for individuals and two-, three-, and four-person households.11 A $12.00 per hour wage also keeps a worker below the poverty level if the worker is the sole earner supporting a three-person or larger household.

The $10.00 threshold used in this Roadmap is based on comprehensive reviews of causal studies. The preponderance of the current research on state minimum wages has been on states that have increased their wages to $10.00; however, state minimum wage increases above that level may yield better child and family outcomes.

A recent study found no negative employment impacts of a $15.00 minimum wage, but more rigorous research is needed on this higher wage.35 Currently 12 states (California, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington) have a state minimum of at least $15.00, and six additional states (Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Michigan, Missouri, and Nebraska) will reach at least $15.00 by 2027 due to planned increases.12,13

Women and Workers of Color Make Up a Disproportionate Share of Low-Income Workers, and Income Disparities Contribute to Wealth Gaps

Women and workers of color are disproportionately represented among those who earn less than $15.00 per hour, and wage disparities can contribute to income and wealth gaps.14 White workers earn, on average, 25% more in annual income than Black workers,15 and the median net wealth of White families is estimated at 10 times that of families of color.16 Of the 10 states17 with the highest share of Black children ages birth to 4, six have not raised their minimum wages above the federal level (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina).18,19

Increasing the Minimum Wage Can Impact Millions of Families and Substantially Reduce Poverty

In 2019, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that if all states raised their minimum wages to at least $10.00 per hour, 1.5 million workers would have a wage increase, and among families with the lowest incomes, income would increase by $400 million overall.20 According to 2021 estimates from the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), if all states implemented a $15.00 minimum wage, 32 million workers, or 21% of the US workforce, would benefit from higher earnings, either directly or indirectly.21 A $15.00 wage floor would lift 3.7 million people, including 1.3 million children, above the federal poverty level. One in three Black workers and one in four Hispanic workers would benefit. Implementing at least a $10.00 state minimum wage, with gradual increases to $15.00 over time, could therefore have a substantial impact on reducing poverty and promoting equity.

Higher State Minimum Wages Would Yield Positive Economic Ripple Effects

Increasing state minimum wages may save taxpayer costs by increasing earned income and reducing the amount of support workers with lower wages may need from public assistance programs. The EPI estimated that for workers with the lowest incomes,22 each $1.00 increase in hourly wages would reduce the share of workers receiving public assistance by 3.1 percentage points (a reduction of 850,000 individuals receiving public assistance).23 Another study estimating the effects of a federal minimum wage increase from $7.25 to $9.80 per hour predicted an increase in gross domestic product of $25 billion and a net increase in jobs of 100,000 during the 2-year phase-in of the higher wage.24

Search the Prenatal-to-3 Policy Clearinghouse for an ongoing inventory of rigorous evidence reviews, including more information on the state minimum wage.

Increasing the minimum wage to $10.00 or greater increases household earnings and reduces child poverty, particularly in families of color. A minimum wage of $10.00 or greater also improves birth outcomes and children’s health and development, reduces child maltreatment, and has minimal negative impacts on employment.

Higher State Minimum Wages Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Family Outcomes

Research suggests that increases in a state’s minimum wage can significantly reduce poverty and infant mortality, with the greatest effects for Black and Hispanic families.25,26,27 The interaction of a higher minimum wage and a state earned income tax credit has also been shown to benefit Black and Hispanic mothers’ earnings to a greater degree than for White mothers, which may contribute to reducing disparities in poverty by race.28

In addition, a study that examined expectant mothers’ mental health demonstrated that women of color benefited most from increases in the tipped minimum wage.29 Given that approximately 70% of tipped workers are women30 and approximately half of restaurant workers are people of color,31 the level of the subminimum wage is a critical equity issue.

Finally, increasing the minimum wage to $15.00 would have a significant positive impact for child care workers, over a third of whom are Black or Hispanic. Such an increase in 2025 would raise pay for 44% of child care workers, with an average increase of $2,900 in annual earnings overall, and with higher average increases in annual earnings for Black and Hispanic child care workers (over $3,100).32

For more information on what we know and what we still need to learn about the state minimum wage, see the evidence review on the state minimum wage.

No State’s Minimum Wage Newly Reached the $10.00 Threshold This Year

As of September 2025, 30 states (including the District of Columbia) have implemented a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater. Of the 21 states with minimum wages less than $10.00, only one state’s minimum wage is higher than the federal minimum of $7.25 (West Virginia), and none has planned increases to their state minimum wage at this time.

However, states did increase their minimum wages beyond the $10.00 per hour threshold due to previously scheduled increases or annual adjustments for inflation. In the last year, the minimum wage increased in 24 states with increases ranging from $0.25 in Montana and Ohio to $2.15 in Michigan. As a result, full-time minimum wage workers in Montana and Ohio received an increase of approximately $520 in annual income, and those in Michigan received an increase of approximately $4,472 in annual income. These increases are enough to cover 4 weeks and 8 months of groceries, respectively, for a single parent with two children.

2 States Approved Ballot Measures to Increase the Minimum Wage in November 2024

In November 2024, Alaska and Missouri approved ballot measures to gradually increase the state minimum wage. Alaska’s minimum wage will now gradually increase until it reaches $15.00 on July 1, 2027, and Missouri’s minimum wage will gradually increase until it reaches $15.00 on January 1, 2026.

California voters rejected a ballot measure, which would have increased the state minimum wage to $18.00 by 2026.

Many States Introduced Legislation to Increase the State Minimum Wage This Past Session

In the last year, 31 states introduced legislation to increase the state minimum wage. Seventeen of those states have not yet implemented a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater, and all but two of these states proposed bills to raise the minimum wage above the $10.00 threshold.

The remaining 14 states have already implemented a state minimum wage of at least $10.00 and introduced bills to further increase their minimum wage.

Michigan and Rhode Island were the only two states to successfully enact legislation to increase the state minimum wage in the last year. In Michigan, the legislation changed the state minimum wage increase schedule set by the Michigan Supreme Court. Now, the state minimum wage will incrementally increase to $15.00 by 2027 (previously the wage was scheduled to incrementally increase to $14.97 by 2028). Annual cost-of-living adjustments will begin in 2028.

In Rhode Island, legislators enacted a bill which will increase the state minimum wage to $16.00 in 2026 and to $17.00 in 2027. Without this legislative action, the wage would have remained static in future years as previously scheduled increases ended on January 1, 2025 and the state does not annually adjust for inflation.

Virginia lawmakers passed a bill which would have incrementally increased the state minimum wage to $15.00 by 2027, but the bill was vetoed by the Governor and was not enacted. This is the second consecutive veto of a state minimum wage bill in Virginia.

In addition, Missouri enacted a bill which repealed annual cost-of living adjustments to the state minimum wage, and Oklahoma enacted a bill which allows tips, meals, and lodging received to be credited toward an employee’s minimum wage if that wage exceeds the current federal minimum wage.

For more information on the state policy levers to help maximize the effectiveness of a state minimum wage policy see our State Policy Lever Checklists.

2 States Enacted Bills to Phase Out and Fully Eliminate Subminimum Wages for Workers with Disabilities

In the last year, 20 states introduced legislation to eliminate subminimum wages for tipped workers and/or certain workers with disabilities. Two states (Georgia and Illinois) enacted legislation to phase out and fully eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities in future years. No states enacted legislation to eliminate the tipped minimum wage in the last year.

In the last year, Georgia enacted a bill which will phase out and fully eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities by July 1, 2027. Illinois also enacted a bill which will fully eliminate the subminimum wage by January 1, 2030. The bill was approved by the Illinois General Assembly in late 2024 and was signed into law by the Governor in January 2025.  

Additionally, although the state did not prohibit the use of the subminimum wage, Oklahoma enacted a bill to commission a task force to develop a plan to phase out the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities.

No states enacted legislation to eliminate the subminimum wage for tipped workers in the last year, although legislation was introduced in 12 states. The tipped minimum wage in Michigan was set to become the same as the regular minimum wage by 2029; however, the legislature enacted a bill which repealed this provision. Instead, the tipped minimum wage in Michigan will now incrementally increase until it is 50% of the regular minimum wage by 2031. Additionally, in the District of Columbia, a provision was included in the final enacted budget to partially repeal the elimination of the tipped minimum wage. In 2022, voters approved a ballot measure to eliminate the tipped minimum wage by 2027. Instead, the tipped minimum wage will now incrementally increase, until it is 75% of the regular minimum wage by 2034. 

For more information on each state’s progress on the state minimum wage, find our individual state summaries under Additional Resources below (and here).

States Vary in the Level of Minimum and Cost-of-Living Adjusted Wages

State minimum wages range from the federal minimum of $7.25 to $17.95 in the District of Columbia. As of September 2025, 29 states and the District of Columbia have a minimum wage of at least $10.00. Twelve states have minimum wages of $15.00 or greater, and at least six more states will have minimum wages of $15.00 or greater by 2027 due to statutorily scheduled increases to their state minimum wages.

The remaining 21 states have minimum wages lower than $10.00, and all but one of them (West Virginia) have state minimum wages either set at the federal minimum of $7.25 or that default to the federal minimum wage. The minimum wage in West Virginia was set at $8.75 in 2015, is not annually adjusted for inflation, and does not currently have any scheduled increases.

Five states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee) have no state minimum wage law, which means they default to the federal minimum wage. Two states (Georgia and Wyoming) have their state minimum wages set at levels below the federal minimum wage, so the federal level overrides state law.

However, the nominal value of a state’s minimum wage may not reflect the real purchasing power of that wage, which is why it is also important to look at states’ cost-of-living adjusted (COLA) wages when comparing minimum wages across states. As an example, Hawaii has a nominal minimum wage of $14.00, which is $2.00 more than New Mexico’s $12.00 minimum wage. After the wages are adjusted for the higher cost of living in Hawaii, the real value of New Mexico’s wage, at $13.28, actually surpasses the real value of Hawaii’s wage at $12.89. The District of Columbia has a nominal minimum wage of $17.95, the highest in the country, and the cost-of-living adjusted wage is $16.20, which is still the highest COLA-adjusted value in the country.

24 States Increased the Minimum Wage in 2025

In 2025, the minimum wage increased in 24 states with increases ranging from $0.25 in Montana and Ohio to $2.15 in Michigan. The majority of states that increased their minimum wage this year did so because of annual cost of living adjustments. A $0.50 increase to the state minimum wage translates into an additional $1,040 in annual income for a full-time worker earning minimum wage, which is enough to cover 8 weeks of groceries for a single parent with two young children.  

Almost Half of States Have Scheduled Future Increases to the Minimum Wage

In the coming years, the minimum wage is scheduled to increase in 23 states due to either a statutorily scheduled increase to a specific wage, or an increase based on inflation. As of September 2025, eight states have statutorily scheduled increases to their minimum wages. All of these states have or will have minimum wages of $15.00 or greater by 2027.

As of September 2025, 20 states adjust or will adjust their minimum wage based on inflation each year. New Jersey and Virginia began annually indexing their minimum wage to inflation on January 1, 2025. Five states (Alaska, Florida, Michigan, Nebraska, and New York) have statutorily scheduled increases over the next few years and will annually index their minimum wages to inflation thereafter. States use different indexes to adjust for inflation, which means wages do not increase at the same rate across all states that annually adjust their state minimum wage for inflation.

The minimum wage in Delaware and Illinois reached the end of previously scheduled increases this year when the wage reached $15.00. The minimum wage in both states will not be annually adjusted for inflation in future years; therefore, no additional increases are planned.

States are Eliminating Subminimum Wages for Tipped Workers and Workers with Disabilities, but There Is More Room for Progress

Federal law allows states to set lower minimum wages for tipped workers and certain workers with disabilities. Tipped minimum wages vary from the federal minimum of $2.13 in 16 states to $16.66 in Washington.

As of September 2025, 35 states have a tipped minimum wage that is higher than the federal tipped minimum wage. Of those 35 states, seven (Alaska, California, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) have eliminated the subminimum wage for tipped workers, which means the cash wage for tipped workers is the same as the regular minimum wage in those states.

States are also taking action to eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities. As of September 2025, 13 states have fully eliminated the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities, and two of those states (California and Colorado) did so in the last year. California enacted legislation in 2021 to phase out and fully eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities by January 1, 2025. Colorado fully eliminated the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities on July 1, 2025.

Four additional states have enacted legislation to phase out and fully eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities over the next few years. Although no law prohibits employers from paying a subminimum wage to workers with disabilities, as of July 1, 2025, the District of Columbia, Vermont, and Wyoming did not have any active or pending federal 14(c) certificates permitting employers to pay subminimum wages.

Half of States Have a Minimum Wage Preemption Law

Several large cities including Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and Seattle have implemented local minimum wages that exceed the current state levels or that are being implemented on a faster phase-in schedule than approved state increases.33 However, as of September 2025, 25 states have laws known as preemption laws that prohibit localities from setting minimum wages that are higher than the state minimum wage. Among the 21 states that have not adopted and implemented a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater, 18 have state minimum wage preemption laws.

An Increase in the Minimum Wage Would Affect a Significant Number of Families

Many workers remain poor despite working full time. The percentage of workers who remain poor varies considerably across states and is influenced by the state’s minimum wage. The percentage of children under age 3 with at least one parent working full time living near poverty (defined as 150% of the federal poverty level) ranges from 5.7% in the District of Columbia to 31.9% in New Mexico. In 17 states, more than 20% of children under age 3 live in working families who remain near poverty.

View our Policy Impact Calculator, which illustrates how policies, such as state minimum wage, paid family and medical leave, out-of-pocket child care expenses, taxes and tax credits, as well as federal nutrition benefits, interact to impact overall household resources.

Click here to view the compiled 2025 Roadmap state minimum wage progress summaries for all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

  1. United States Department of Labor. (2021). Federal minimum wage. https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage#:~:text=The%20federal%20minimum%20wage%20for,of%20the%20two%20minimum%20wages.
  2. As of October, 1, 2025. Review of state statutes. For additional information, please refer to Methods and Sources.
  3. Schweitzer, J. (Mar. 30, 2021). Ending the tipped minimum wage will reduce poverty and inequality. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/reports/2021/03/30/497673/ending-tipped-minimum-wage-will-reduce-poverty-inequality/
  4. US Department of Labor. Wage and Hour Division. (2018). Fact sheet #15: Tipped employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/15-tipped-employees-flsa#:~:text=An%20employer%20must%20pay%20a,is%20currently%20%247.25%20per%20hour
  5. US Department of Labor. Wage and Hour Division. (2008). Fact Sheet #39: The Employment of Workers with Disabilities at Subminimum Wages. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/39-14c-subminimum-wage  
  6. Schweitzer, J. (2021). Ending the tipped minimum wage will reduce poverty and inequality. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/reports/2021/03/30/497673/ending-tipped-minimum-wage-will-reduce-poverty-inequality/
  7. Allegretto, S. & Cooper, D. (2014). Twenty-three years and still waiting for change. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/waiting-for-change-tipped-minimum-wage/
  8. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2024).  Real Personal Consumption Expenditures by State and Real Personal Income by State and Metropolitan Area, 2023. https://www.bea.gov/data/prices-inflation/regional-price-parities-state-and-metro-area
  9. Wehby, G., Kaestner, R., Lyu, W., & Dave., D. (2020). Effects of the minimum wage on child health (No. w26691). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26691.pdf [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study I]
  10. Raissian, K.M., & Bullinger, L.R. (2017). Money matters: Does the minimum wage affect child maltreatment rates? Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.033 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study G]
  11. Zipperer, B. (June 13, 2018). The erosion of the federal minimum wage has increased poverty, especially for Black and Hispanic families. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/the-erosion-of-the-federal-minimum-wage-has-increased-poverty-especially-for-black-and-hispanic-families/
  12. Economic Policy Institute. (2022). Minimum wage tracker. https://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/
  13. As of October, 1, 2025. Review of state statutes. For additional information, please refer to Methods and Sources.
  14. Huizar, L. & Gebreselassie, T. (2016). What a $15 minimum wage means for women and workers of color [Policy brief]. National Employment Law Project. https://s27147.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Brief-15-Minimum-Wage-Women-Workers-of-Color.pdf
  15. Derenoncourt, E., & Montialoux, C. (2020). Minimum wages and racial inequality. Princeton University and the University of California, Berkeley. http://www.clairemontialoux.com/files/DM2020.pdf
  16. Huizar, L. & Gebreselassie, T. (2016). What a $15 minimum wage means for women and workers of color [Policy brief]. National Employment Law Project. https://s27147.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Brief-15-Minimum-Wage-Women-Workers-of-Color.pdf
  17. Estimate as of 2019. States include the District of Columbia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Maryland, Alabama, South Carolina, Delaware, North Carolina, and Florida.
  18. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (SC-EST2019-ALLDATA6Lloyd, C., Alvira-Hammond, M., Carlson, J., & Logan, D. (2021))., Family, Economic, and Geographic Characteristics of Black Families with Children. Child Trends. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/family-economic-and-geographic-characteristics-of-black-families-with-children US Census Bureau, Population Division, released June 2020.
  19. United States Department of Labor. (2021). State minimum wage laws. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state
  20. US Congressional Budget Office (CBO). (2019). The effects on employment and family income of increasing the federal minimum wage. https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2019-07/CBO-55410-MinimumWage2019.pdf
  21. Cooper, D., Mokhiber, Z., & Zipperer, B. (2021). Raising the federal minimum wage to $15 by 2025 would lift the pay of 32 million workers. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/raising-the-federal-minimum-wage-to-15-by-2025-would-lift-the-pay-of-32-million-workers/
  22. This analysis examined individuals earning up to $12.16 per hour.
  23. Cooper, D. (2016). Balancing paychecks and public assistance: How higher wages could strengthen what government can do. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/files/2015/balancing-paychecks-and-public-assistance.pdf
  24. Cooper, D. & Hall, D. (2012). How raising the federal minimum wage would help working families and give the economy a boost. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/ib341-raising-federal-minimum-wage/
  25. Dube, A. (2019). Minimum wages and the distribution of family incomes. American Economic Journal, 11(4), 268–304. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20170085 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study B]
  26. Rosenquist, N., Cook, D., Ehntholt, A., Omaye, A., Muennig, P., & Pabayo, R. (2019). Differential relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk among US infants born to white and black mothers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(1), 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212987
  27. Komro, K., Livingston, M., Markowitz, S., & Wagenaar, A. (2016). The effect of an increased minimum wage on infant mortality and birth weight. American Journal of Public Health, 106(8), 1514–1516. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study E]
  28. Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (2011). Does a higher minimum wage enhance the effectiveness of the earned income tax credit? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64(4), 712–746. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979391106400405 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study F]
  29. Andrea, S., Messer, L., Marino, M., Goodman, J., & Boone-Heinonen, J. (2020). The tipping point: Could increasing the subminimum wage reduce poverty-related antenatal stressors in US women? Annals of Epidemiology, 45, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.03.007 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study N]
  30. Alexander, M. (2021). Tipping is a legacy of slavery. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/05/opinion/minimum-wage-racism.html
  31. Williamson, M. (2023). The Family and Medical Leave Act at 30: Spotlight on Restaurant Workers. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-family-and-medical-leave-act-at-30-spotlight-on-restaurant-workers/
  32. Wolfe, J., & Zipperer, B. (2021). More than half a million child care workers would benefit from a $15 minimum wage in 2025. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/press/more-than-half-a-million-child-care-workers-would-benefit-from-a-15-minimum-wage-by-2025/
  33. Allegretto, S., Godøy, A., Nadler, C., & Reich, N. (2018, September 6). The new wave of local minimum wage policies: Evidence from six cities. [Policy report]. Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, University of California, Berkeley. https://irle.berkeley.edu/files/2018/09/TheNew-Wave-of-Local-Minimum-Wage-Policies.pdf
  34. Could, E. & Hickey, S. (2024). A tight labor market and state minimum wage increases boosted low-end wage growth between 2019 and 2023. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/blog/a-tight-labor-market-and-state-minimum-wage-increases-boosted-low-end-wage-growth-between-2019-and-2023/#:~:text=States%20and%20localities%20have%20raised,as%20shown%20in%20Figure%20B.
  35. Wiltshire, J., McPherson, C., Reich, M., & Sosinskiy, D. (2024). Minimum Wage Effects and Monopsony Explanations. Institute for Research on Labor and Employment. https://irle.berkeley.edu/publications/working-papers/minimum-wage-effects-and-monopsony-explanations/

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