DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristics of families vary considerably by state. A clear picture of the current demographic composition and characteristics of a state’s prenatal-to-3 population can help to inform policy leaders as to who is eligible and in need of benefits and services, and whether the needs are similar by race and ethnicity, geography, and socio-economic status.

Notes and Sources

Sandstrom, H. (2019). Early childhood home visiting programs and health. Health Affairs. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20190321.382895/full/
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1992). The ecology of human development. In R. Vasta (Ed.) Six Theories of Child Development (pp. 187–249). London: Kingsley Publishers
Sweet, M. A. & Appelbaum, M. I. (2004). Is home-visiting an effective strategy? A meta-analytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children. Child Development, 75(5), 1435–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00750.x
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2015). Supportive relationships and active skill-building strengthen the foundations of resilience [Working paper no.13]. https://46y5eh11fhgw3ve3ytpwxt9r-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/The-Science-of-Resilience2.pdf
Nievar, M. A., Van Egeren, L. A., & Pollard, S. (2010). A meta-analysis of home visiting programs: Moderators of improvements in maternal behavior. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31, 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20269 [Evidence-Based Home Visiting Evidence Review Study D]
Sweet, M. A. & Appelbaum, M. I. (2004). Is home-visiting an effective strategy? A meta-analytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children. Child Development, 75(5), 1435–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00750.x
Casillas, K. L., Fauchier, A., Derkash, B. T., & Garrido, E. F. (2016). Implementation of evidence-based home visiting programs aimed at reducing child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 53, 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.009 [Evidence-Based Home Visiting Evidence Review Study A]
Lee, H., Crowne, S. S., Estarziau, M., Kranker, K., Michalopoulos, C., Warren, A., Mijanovich, T., Filene, J., Duggan, A., & Knox, V. (2019). The effects of home visiting on prenatal health, birth outcomes, and health care use in the first year of life: Final implementation and impact findings from the Mother and Infant Home Visiting Program Evaluation – Strong Start (OPRE Report #2019-08). Office of Planning, Research & Evaluation. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/effects-home-visiting-prenatal-health-birth-outcomes-health-care-first-year-final-implementation-impact-findings-strong-start
Filene, J. H., Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., & Cachat, P. (2013). Components associated with home visiting program outcomes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132 Suppl 2 (0 2), S100–S109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1021H [Evidence-Based Home Visiting Evidence Review Study C]
Sweet, M. A. & Appelbaum, M. I. (2004). Is home-visiting an effective strategy? A meta-analytic review of home visiting programs for families with young children. Child Development, 75(5), 1435–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00750.x
Casillas, K. L., Fauchier, A., Derkash, B. T., & Garrido, E. F. (2016). Implementation of evidence-based home visiting programs aimed at reducing child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 53, 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.009 [Evidence-Based Home Visiting Evidence Review Study A]
Filene, J. H., Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., & Cachat, P. (2013). Components associated with home visiting program outcomes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132 Suppl 2 (0 2), S100–S109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1021H [Evidence-Based Home Visiting Evidence Review Study C]
Filene, J. H., Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., & Cachat, P. (2013). Components associated with home visiting program outcomes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132 Suppl 2 (0 2), S100–S109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1021H [Evidence-Based Home Visiting Evidence Review Study C]
We continue to rely on data from 2019, prior to the pandemic, because even though newer data on the number of children served are available from NHVRC, the quality of the most recent data we have available to use for the denominator (the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2020 American Community Survey) are of significant concern, and we decided to not rely on the 2020 ACS data for any estimates in the 2022 Roadmap. Thus, we estimate the percentage served out of the eligible children under age 3, using the NHVRC service data (number of served children under age 3) from 2019 as the numerator, and the Census Bureau’s 2019 American Community Survey data (number of children under age 3 in families with incomes of less than 150% of the FPL) as the denominator. The family income of less than 150% of the FPL was used as a proxy for the high-priority eligibility criteria typically used across home visiting programs (e.g., pregnant women, mothers under 21, single/never married mothers, parents with less than a high school education, and families with incomes below 100% of the FPL).

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