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UNITED STATES ROADMAP

ROADMAP POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

EFFECTIVE POLICIES

EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES

Methods and Sources
FAQ
Additional Roadmap Resources
THE POLICY IMPACT CALCULATOR

STATE MINIMUM WAGE

A minimum wage establishes a floor for workers’ hourly wages to prevent exploitation by employers and ensure a minimum level of compensation. The current federal minimum wage was set in 2009 and stands at $7.25, but states can establish higher thresholds.1

Currently, 31 states have a minimum wage that is higher than the federal level. Of those, 30 states have a minimum wage of $10.00 or greater, and eight have a minimum wage that is $15.00 or more.2

The federal subminimum wage refers to the floor set for tipped workers (i.e., workers who regularly receive more than $30.00 per month in tips), workers with disabilities, or teenage workers early in their employment, who may be exempt from the federal minimum set by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).3,4 The federal tipped minimum wage (or cash wage) is currently $2.13 per hour. The combination of the cash wage and tips must equal the federal or state minimum wage, whichever is higher; however, it can be hard to enforce.

To pay workers with disabilities less than the federal minimum wage, the FLSA requires employers to hold a certificate (known as a 14(c) certificate) from the US Department of Labor that demonstrates the worker’s disability reduces job ability.5 States can set their tipped minimum wage above the federal floor or can fully eliminate subminimum wages for both tipped workers and workers with disabilities. Subminimum wages contribute to poverty6 and unpredictable earnings.7 Because most tipped workers are female, and disproportionately women of color, subminimum wages exacerbate existing inequalities.29 

States Vary Significantly in Their Cost of Living and the Purchasing Power of Their Minimum Wage

The cost of living varies significantly across the country because of regional differences in consumer prices. Inflation has also caused the cost of living to increase substantially throughout the country over the last several years. Accounting for inflation, the federal minimum wage is worth less than at any time since February 1956.34

The variation across the country means that a nominal wage (i.e., wage not adjusted for inflation) of $10.00 in two different states may buy a family more in one state than another. A nominal wage can be converted into a cost-of-living adjusted (COLA) wage, which accounts for state price differences.

A COLA wage offers a way to compare purchasing power more consistently across states. For example, Hawaii’s prices are 10.8% higher than the national average, whereas Mississippi’s prices are 12.7% lower than the national average.8 It can therefore be beneficial to compare Hawaii’s minimum wage in terms of real purchasing power, $12.63 (nominal minimum wage of $14.00 in 2024), to Mississippi’s minimum wage in terms of real purchasing power, $8.30 (nominal minimum wage of $7.25 in 2024). Examining both a state’s nominal minimum wage and COLA minimum wage is critical when making policy.

Higher State Minimum Wages Can Improve Child and Family Outcomes Through Greater Access to Resources

Higher state minimum wages can result in higher incomes, which can help families more easily access essential resources such as housing, food, health care, and transportation.9 Greater access to basic needs can reduce parental stress, which may improve a child’s caregiving environment and reduce the likelihood that an infant or toddler will experience abuse, neglect, or other adverse experiences at home.10

The Current Federal Minimum Wage Does Not Lift a Full-Time Worker Supporting a Family Out of Poverty

With the current federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour and a 40-hour work week for 52 weeks per year, an individual working full time earns $15,080 annually, which is below the federal poverty level (FPL) for two-, three-, and four-person households.11 A $10.00 per hour wage also keeps a worker below the poverty level if the worker is the sole earner supporting a three-person or larger household.

The $10.00 threshold used in this Roadmap is based on comprehensive reviews of causal studies. The preponderance of the research on state minimum wages has been on states that have increased their wages to $10.00; however, state minimum wage increases above that level may yield better child and family outcomes.

A recent study found no negative employment impacts of a $15.00 minimum wage, but more rigorous research is needed on this higher wage.35 Currently eight states (California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Washington) have a state minimum of at least $15.00, and six additional states (Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Nebraska, and Rhode Island, Virginia) are expected to reach at least $15.00 by 2026 due to scheduled increases.12,13

Women and Workers of Color Make Up a Disproportionate Share of Low-Income Workers, and Income Disparities Contribute to Wealth Gaps

Women and workers of color are disproportionately represented among those who earn less than $15.00 per hour, and wage disparities can contribute to income and wealth gaps.14 White workers earn, on average, 25% more in annual income than Black workers,15 and the median net wealth of White families is estimated at 10 times that of families of color.16 Of the 10 states17 with the highest share of Black children ages birth to 4, six have not raised their minimum wages above the federal level (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina).18,19

Increasing the Minimum Wage Can Impact Millions of Families and Substantially Reduce Poverty

The Congressional Budget Office estimated that if all states raised their minimum wages to at least $10.00 per hour by 2025, 1.5 million workers would see their wages increase, and among families with the lowest incomes, income would increase by $400 million overall.20 According to the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), if all states implemented a $15.00 minimum wage by 2025, 32 million workers, or 21% of the US workforce, would benefit from higher earnings, either directly or indirectly.21 A $15.00 wage floor would lift 3.7 million people, including 1.3 million children, above the federal poverty level. One in three Black workers and one in four Hispanic workers would benefit. Implementing at least a $10.00 state minimum wage in 2024, with gradual increases to $15.00 over time, could therefore have a substantial impact on reducing poverty and promoting equity.

Higher State Minimum Wages Would Yield Positive Economic Ripple Effects

Increasing state minimum wages may save taxpayer costs by increasing earned income and reducing the amount of support workers with lower wages may need from public assistance programs. The EPI estimated that for workers with the lowest incomes,22 each $1.00 increase in hourly wages would reduce the share of workers receiving public assistance by 3.1 percentage points (a reduction of 850,000 individuals receiving public assistance).23 Another study estimating the effects of a federal minimum wage increase from $7.25 to $9.80 per hour predicted an increase in gross domestic product of $25 billion and a net increase in jobs of 100,000 during the 2-year phase-in of the higher wage.24

Search the Prenatal-to-3 Policy Clearinghouse for an ongoing inventory of rigorous evidence reviews, including more information on the state minimum wage.

Increasing the minimum wage to $10.00 or greater increases household earnings and reduces child poverty, particularly in families of color. A minimum wage of $10.00 or greater also improves birth outcomes and children’s health and development, reduces child maltreatment, and has minimal negative impacts on employment.

Higher State Minimum Wages Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Family Outcomes

Research suggests that increases in a state’s minimum wage can significantly reduce poverty and infant mortality, with the greatest effects for Black and Hispanic families.25,26,27 The interaction of a higher minimum wage and a state earned income tax credit has also been shown to benefit Black and Hispanic mothers’ earnings to a greater degree than for White mothers, which may contribute to reducing disparities in poverty by race.28

In addition, a recent study that examined expectant mothers’ mental health demonstrated that women of color benefited most from increases in the tipped minimum wage.29 Given that approximately 70% of tipped workers are women30 and 45% of restaurant workers are people of color,31 the level of the subminimum wage is a critical equity issue.

Finally, increasing the minimum wage to $15.00 by 2025 would have a significant positive impact for child care workers, over a third of whom are Black or Hispanic. Such an increase would raise pay for 44% of child care workers, with an average increase of $2,900 in annual earnings overall, and with higher average increases in annual earnings for Black and Hispanic child care workers (over $3,100).32

For more information on what we know and what we still need to learn about the state minimum wage, see the evidence review on the state minimum wage.

Montana’s State Minimum Wage Increased Above $10.00 This Year

This year, one additional state—Montana—began implementing a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater. Montana’s minimum wage is adjusted annually for inflation, which resulted in an increase from $9.95 to $10.30 on January 1, 2024.

As of October 1, 2024, 29 states and the District of Columbia have implemented a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater. Of the 21 states with minimum wages less than $10.00, none has planned increases to their state minimum wage at this time.  

No states have newly enacted legislation to increase their state minimum wage to $10.00 or greater in the last 3 years. States have, however, enacted legislation to expand their state minimum wages beyond the $10.00 per hour threshold. States also continue to increase their minimum wages due to previously scheduled increases or annual adjustments for inflation. In the last year, the minimum wage increased in 26 states with increases ranging from $2.00 in Hawaii to $0.23 in Michigan.

Many States Introduced Legislation to Increase the State Minimum Wage This Past Session but Few Made Progress

In the last year, 26 states introduced legislation to increase the state minimum wage. Fifteen of those states have not yet implemented a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater, and all but one of these states proposed bills that would have eventually raised the minimum wage above the $10.00 threshold.

The remaining 11 states have already implemented a state minimum wage of at least $10.00 and introduced bills to further increase their minimum wage. Only one state–Minnesota—successfully enacted legislation this year (discussed below). In 2020, Virginia lawmakers enacted legislation to incrementally increase the state minimum wage to $15.00 by 2026. However, the bill had a “re-enactment clause” which required lawmakers to pass another bill to continue the scheduled increases in 2025 and 2026. In 2024, Virginia lawmakers passed a bill which would have continued these scheduled increases, but the bill was vetoed by the Governor and was not enacted.

In the last year, Minnesota enacted legislation which will standardize the state minimum wage by eliminating the lower minimum wage rate for small employers. Currently, Minnesota’s minimum wage is $10.85 for large employers and $8.85 for small employers (employers with less than $500,000 in annual sales). Beginning in January 2025, the minimum wage across all employer types will be the same. The bill also raises the minimum threshold for annual inflation adjustments from 2.5% to 5%.

Although not legislative action, in July 2024, the Michigan Supreme Court issued a ruling which will result in Michigan’s minimum wage increasing on a new schedule, with initial increases going into effect in February 2025, and subsequent cost-of-living increases taking place through 2029. Michigan’s minimum wage is currently $10.33, with annual increases scheduled until January 1, 2031. The state minimum wage will now increase at a faster rate than previously scheduled. In addition, the tipped minimum wage in Michigan will be eliminated by 2029.

For more information on the state policy levers to help maximize the effectiveness of a state minimum wage policy see our State Policy Lever Checklists.

Voters Will Decide on Ballot Measures to Increase the State Minimum Wage in 3 States This November

In November 2024, proposals to increase the state minimum wage will be on the ballot in at least three states—Alaska, California, and Missouri. Alaska’s ballot measure would gradually increase the state minimum wage from $11.73 to $15.00 by July 1, 2027. Missouri’s ballot measure would gradually increase the state minimum wage from $12.30 to $15.00 by January 1, 2026. Both states’ measures also include a provision to require that certain employers provide their employees with paid sick time. California’s ballot measure would gradually increase the state minimum wage to $18.00 by January 1, 2026. The state minimum wage in California is currently $16.00 for all employers. 

Additionally, in Oklahoma, a ballot measure to gradually increase the state minimum wage from $7.25 to $15.00 was approved, but the question will not be put forth to voters until the June 2026 gubernatorial primary election.

States Also Considered Proposals to Eliminate Subminimum Wages, but None Were Enacted

In the last year, 16 states introduced, but none enacted, legislation to eliminate subminimum wages for tipped workers and/or certain workers with disabilities. In Virginia, lawmakers adopted a bill which would have gradually increased the tipped minimum wage until 2028, when the tipped minimum wage would have been equal to the regular minimum wage. This bill was vetoed by the Governor.  

The tipped minimum wage in Michigan will be eliminated by 2029 because of a July 2024 Michigan Supreme Court ruling. This puts Michigan on the path to becoming the ninth state to eliminate the tipped minimum wage.

Additionally, in November 2024, voters in Massachusetts will decide on a ballot measure, which would gradually increase the tipped minimum wage until 2029 when the tipped minimum wage would be the same as the regular minimum wage.  

Although no states enacted legislation to eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities, at least two states (Florida and Kansas) took steps to discourage the practice. Neither state, however, legally prohibited the use of subminimum wages.

For more information on each state’s progress on the state minimum wage, find our individual state summaries below (and here).

States Vary in the Level of Minimum and Cost-of-Living Adjusted Wages

State minimum wages range from the federal minimum of $7.25 to $17.50 in the District of Columbia. As of October 1, 2024, 29 states and the District of Columbia have a minimum wage of at least $10.00. Eight states have minimum wages of $15.00 or greater, and at least six more states will have minimum wages of $15.00 or greater by 2026 due to statutorily scheduled increases to their state minimum wages.

The remaining 21 states have minimum wages lower than $10.00, and all but one of them (West Virginia) have state minimum wages either set at the federal minimum of $7.25 or that default to the federal minimum wage. The minimum wage in West Virginia is currently set at $8.75, is not annually adjusted for inflation, and does not currently have any scheduled increases.

Five states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee) have no state minimum wage law, which means they default to the federal minimum wage. Two states (Georgia and Wyoming) have their state minimum wage set at levels below the federal minimum wage, so the federal level overrides state law.

However, the nominal value of a state’s minimum wage may not reflect the real purchasing power of that wage, which is why it is also important to look at states’ cost-of-living adjusted (COLA) wages when comparing minimum wages across states. As an example, Hawaii has a nominal minimum wage of $14.00, which is $2.00 more than New Mexico’s $12.00 minimum wage. After the wages are adjusted for the higher cost of living in Hawaii, the real value of New Mexico’s wage, at $13.19, actually surpasses the real value of Hawaii’s wage at $12.63. The District of Columbia has a nominal minimum wage of $17.50, the highest in the country, and the cost-of-living adjusted wage is $15.51, which is still the highest COLA-adjusted value in the country.

26 States Increased Their Minimum Wage in 2024

In the last year, the minimum wage increased in 26 states with increases ranging from $2.00 in Hawaii to $0.23 in Michigan. The majority of states increased their minimum wage this year due to annual cost of living adjustments. A 50-cent increase to the state minimum wage translates into an additional $1,040 in annual income for a full-time worker earning minimum wage.

Half of States Have Scheduled Future Increases to Their Minimum Wage

In the coming years, the minimum wage is scheduled to increase in 25 states due to either a statutorily scheduled increase to a specific wage, or an increase based on inflation. As of October 1, 2024, eight states have statutorily scheduled increases to their minimum wages. Seven of those states have or will have minimum wages $15.00 or greater by 2026. One additional state—Michigan—has statutorily scheduled increases to $12.05 by 2031; however, because of a recent Michigan Supreme Court ruling, the state minimum wage will increase on a new schedule, which has yet to be announced.

As of October 1, 2024, 20 states adjust or will adjust their minimum wage based on inflation each year. Connecticut and Missouri began annually indexing their minimum wage to inflation on January 1, 2024. Three states (Florida, Nebraska, and New York) have statutorily scheduled increases over the next few years, and will annually index their minimum wages to inflation thereafter. States use different indexes to adjust for inflation, which means wages do not increase at the same rate across all states that annually adjust their state minimum wage for inflation.

The minimum wage in Maryland and Nevada reached the end of previously scheduled increases this year when the wage reached $15.00 and $12.00, respectively. The state minimum wage in both states will not be annually adjusted for inflation in future years, therefore no additional increases are planned. In 2023, scheduled increases to the minimum wage in Massachusetts and New Mexico also ended when their wages reached $15.00 and $12.00, respectively. The state minimum wage remains static in these states.

States are Eliminating Subminimum Wages for Tipped Workers and Workers with Disabilities, but There Is More Room for Progress

Federal law allows states to set lower minimum wages for tipped workers and certain workers with disabilities. Tipped minimum wages vary from the federal minimum of $2.13 in 16 states to $16.28 in Washington.

As of October 1, 2024, 35 states have a tipped minimum wage that is higher than the federal tipped minimum wage. Of those 35 states, seven (Alaska, California, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) have eliminated the subminimum wage for tipped workers, which means the cash wage for tipped workers is the same as the regular minimum wage in those states.

Additionally, the District of Columbia has enacted legislation to gradually increase the tipped minimum wage until it is fully eliminated by July 1, 2027. The tipped minimum wage in Michigan will also gradually increase until it’s eliminated in 2029 due to a recent ruling by the Michigan Supreme Court.

States are also taking action to eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities. As of October 1, 2024, 11 states have fully eliminated the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities, and three of those states (Delaware, South Carolina, and Washington) did so in the last year. Delaware enacted legislation in 2021 to phase out and fully eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities on January 31, 2024. South Carolina and Washington fully eliminated the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities on August 1, 2024.

Four additional states have enacted legislation to phase out and fully eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities over the next few years. Although no law prohibits employers from paying a subminimum wage to workers with disabilities, as of June 1, 2024, the District of Columbia, Vermont, and Wyoming did not have any active or pending federal 14(c) certificates permitting employers to pay subminimum wages.  

Half of States Have a Minimum Wage Preemption Law

Several large cities including Chicago, San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and Seattle have implemented local minimum wages that exceed the current state levels or that are being implemented on a faster phase-in schedule than approved state increases.33 However, as of October 1, 2024, 25 states have laws known as preemption laws that prohibit localities from setting minimum wages that are higher than the state minimum wage. Among the 20 states that have not adopted and implemented a state minimum wage of $10.00 or greater, 18 have state minimum wage preemption laws.

An Increase in the Minimum Wage Would Affect a Significant Number of Families

Many workers remain poor despite working full time. The percentage of workers who remain poor varies considerably across states and is influenced by the state’s minimum wage. The percentage of children under age 3 with at least one parent working full time living near poverty (defined as 150% of the federal poverty level) ranges from 2.1% in the District of Columbia to 29.6% in New Mexico. In 19 states, more than 20% of children under age 3 live in working families who remain near poverty.

Click here to view the compiled 2024 Roadmap state minimum wage progress summaries for all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

  1. United States Department of Labor. (2021). Federal minimum wage. https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage#:~:text=The%20federal%20minimum%20wage%20for,of%20the%20two%20minimum%20wages.
  2. As of October, 1, 2024. Review of state statutes. For additional information, please refer to Methods and Sources.
  3. Schweitzer, J. (Mar. 30, 2021). Ending the tipped minimum wage will reduce poverty and inequality. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/reports/2021/03/30/497673/ending-tipped-minimum-wage-will-reduce-poverty-inequality/
  4. US Department of Labor. Wage and Hour Division. (2018). Fact sheet #15: Tipped employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/15-tipped-employees-flsa#:~:text=An%20employer%20must%20pay%20a,is%20currently%20%247.25%20per%20hour
  5. US Department of Labor. Wage and Hour Division. (2008). Fact Sheet #39: The Employment of Workers with Disabilities at Subminimum Wages. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/39-14c-subminimum-wage  
  6. Schweitzer, J. (2021). Ending the tipped minimum wage will reduce poverty and inequality. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/reports/2021/03/30/497673/ending-tipped-minimum-wage-will-reduce-poverty-inequality/
  7. Allegretto, S. & Cooper, D. (2014). Twenty-three years and still waiting for change. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/waiting-for-change-tipped-minimum-wage/
  8. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2022). Regional price parities by state and metro area. https://www.bea.gov/data/prices-inflation/regional-price-parities-state-and-metro-area
  9. Wehby, G., Kaestner, R., Lyu, W., & Dave., D. (2020). Effects of the minimum wage on child health (No. w26691). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26691.pdf [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study I]
  10. Raissian, K.M., & Bullinger, L.R. (2017). Money matters: Does the minimum wage affect child maltreatment rates? Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.033 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study G]
  11. Zipperer, B. (June 13, 2018). The erosion of the federal minimum wage has increased poverty, especially for Black and Hispanic families. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/the-erosion-of-the-federal-minimum-wage-has-increased-poverty-especially-for-black-and-hispanic-families/
  12. Economic Policy Institute. (2022). Minimum wage tracker. https://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/
  13. As of October, 1, 2024. Review of state statutes. For additional information, please refer to Methods and Sources.
  14. Huizar, L. & Gebreselassie, T. (2016). What a $15 minimum wage means for women and workers of color [Policy brief]. National Employment Law Project. https://s27147.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Brief-15-Minimum-Wage-Women-Workers-of-Color.pdf
  15. Derenoncourt, E., & Montialoux, C. (2020). Minimum wages and racial inequality. Princeton University and the University of California, Berkeley. http://www.clairemontialoux.com/files/DM2020.pdf
  16. Huizar, L. & Gebreselassie, T. (2016). What a $15 minimum wage means for women and workers of color [Policy brief]. National Employment Law Project. https://s27147.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Brief-15-Minimum-Wage-Women-Workers-of-Color.pdf
  17. Estimate as of 2019. States include the District of Columbia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Maryland, Alabama, South Carolina, Delaware, North Carolina, and Florida.
  18. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (SC-EST2019-ALLDATA6Lloyd, C., Alvira-Hammond, M., Carlson, J., & Logan, D. (2021))., Family, Economic, and Geographic Characteristics of Black Families with Children. Child Trends. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/family-economic-and-geographic-characteristics-of-black-families-with-children US Census Bureau, Population Division, released June 2020.
  19. United States Department of Labor. (2021). State minimum wage laws. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state
  20. US Congressional Budget Office (CBO). (2019). The effects on employment and family income of increasing the federal minimum wage. https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2019-07/CBO-55410-MinimumWage2019.pdf
  21. Cooper, D., Mokhiber, Z., & Zipperer, B. (2021). Raising the federal minimum wage to $15 by 2025 would lift the pay of 32 million workers. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/raising-the-federal-minimum-wage-to-15-by-2025-would-lift-the-pay-of-32-million-workers/
  22. This analysis examined individuals earning up to $12.16 per hour.
  23. Cooper, D. (2016). Balancing paychecks and public assistance: How higher wages could strengthen what government can do. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/files/2015/balancing-paychecks-and-public-assistance.pdf
  24. Cooper, D. & Hall, D. (2012). How raising the federal minimum wage would help working families and give the economy a boost. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/ib341-raising-federal-minimum-wage/
  25. Dube, A. (2019). Minimum wages and the distribution of family incomes. American Economic Journal, 11(4), 268–304. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20170085 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study B]
  26. Rosenquist, N., Cook, D., Ehntholt, A., Omaye, A., Muennig, P., & Pabayo, R. (2019). Differential relationship between state-level minimum wage and infant mortality risk among US infants born to white and black mothers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(1), 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212987
  27. Komro, K., Livingston, M., Markowitz, S., & Wagenaar, A. (2016). The effect of an increased minimum wage on infant mortality and birth weight. American Journal of Public Health, 106(8), 1514–1516. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study E]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940666/
  28. Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (2011). Does a higher minimum wage enhance the effectiveness of the earned income tax credit? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 64(4), 712–746. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979391106400405 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study F]
  29. Andrea, S., Messer, L., Marino, M., Goodman, J., & Boone-Heinonen, J. (2020). The tipping point: Could increasing the subminimum wage reduce poverty-related antenatal stressors in US women? Annals of Epidemiology, 45, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.03.007 [State Minimum Wage Evidence Review Study N]
  30. Alexander, M. (2021). Tipping is a legacy of slavery. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/05/opinion/minimum-wage-racism.html
  31. One Fair Wage Fact Sheet. (2020). https://onefairwage.site/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/OFW_FederalFactSheet_3-1.pdf
  32. Wolfe, J., & Zipperer, B. (2021). More than half a million child care workers would benefit from a $15 minimum wage in 2025. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/press/more-than-half-a-million-child-care-workers-would-benefit-from-a-15-minimum-wage-by-2025/
  33. Allegretto, S., Godøy, A., Nadler, C., & Reich, N. (2018, September 6). The new wave of local minimum wage policies: Evidence from six cities. [Policy report]. Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics, University of California, Berkeley. https://irle.berkeley.edu/files/2018/09/TheNew-Wave-of-Local-Minimum-Wage-Policies.pdf
  34. Could, E. & Hickey, S. (2024). A tight labor market and state minimum wage increases boosted low-end wage growth between 2019 and 2023. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/blog/a-tight-labor-market-and-state-minimum-wage-increases-boosted-low-end-wage-growth-between-2019-and-2023/#:~:text=States%20and%20localities%20have%20raised,as%20shown%20in%20Figure%20B.
  35. Wiltshire, J., McPherson, C., Reich, M., & Sosinskiy, D. (2024). Minimum Wage Effects and Monopsony Explanations. Institute for Research on Labor and Employment. https://irle.berkeley.edu/publications/working-papers/minimum-wage-effects-and-monopsony-explanations/
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